Cancer occurs when genetic material undergoes alterations due to various carcinogenic factors, leading to mutations or amplifications of proto-oncogenes, or the loss of tumor suppressor genes. These genetic changes result in abnormal gene expression and uncontrolled cell proliferation, forming neoplastic tissue. Oncology is the discipline that studies the occurrence, progression, and prevention of tumors. It encompasses research areas such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, oncogenic signaling pathways, epigenetics, and immune evasion. Understanding the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of cancer is crucial for developing proactive and effective prevention strategies.